Research Proposal with annotated bibliography Paper

Proposal with annotated bibliography - Research Paper Example (17)† With the statement expressed, another question comes into mind. Does the society helps individuals find their worth and happiness? Or does the society destroy the individuals because of a number of reasons? Luck is often associated to things or events that bring out happiness or success to an individual. If success is based purely on luck, there is no place in a lifetime for intelligence, skills and capabilities. There is no such thing as luck or its presumed opposite, bad luck. Every person has his own will to decide and act on where he would want to go and explore. In de Botton’s Status Anxiety, the author expressed that: Our status also depends on a range of favorable conditions that could be loosely defined by the word luck. It may be merely good luck that places us in the right occupation, with the right skills, at the right time, and little more than bad luck that denies us the selfsame advantages. (88-9)† When an individual says success often this is being misinterpreted as happiness. Others may refer to happiness as possessing things like realties, automobiles and gadgets. However, this is not real happiness. These are worldly happiness which a person can lose at any given time. Happiness is also at times being perceived as contentment. When a person is not contented with the way his life is going, the person concludes or states that he is not happy with the way life is happiness. However, happiness is not truly attached to any possession or material things which are gained via financial or social status. It is not the money, the social status, or political power that can bring the person his true happiness. The man who is only interested in himself is not admirable, and is not felt to be so. Consequently the man whose sole concern with the world is that it shall admire him is not likely to achieve his object. But even if he does, he will not be completely happy, since human instinct is never completely self-centered,

Pulmonary ventilation, spirometry and pulmonary physiology Lab Report

Pulmonary ventilation, spirometry and pulmonary physiology - Lab Report Example Pulmonary ventilation is the exchange of air in and out of the lungs. The average human breathing rate is 30-60/minute at birth, while in adults it falls to 12-20/minute. Normally the amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs per breathe is 500ml (Tidal Volume air). Hence the minute ventilation or maximum respiratory volume is 6 litres considering breathing rate to be 12/minute. Pulmonary ventilation enables the flow oxygen to the lungs, which further helps in oxidative phosphorylation and at the same time causes removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs, helping to maintain the acid base balance in the body. Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation involves three scenarios: quiet inspiration, quiet expiration and forced inhalation or exhalation. During quiet inhalation the diaphragm contracts, the external intercostals muscles contracts, pulling the ribs outward and upward. This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase with adjacent fall in the intrapulmonary pressure. ( George,2005)(Miller,2005) Hence, as the atmospheric pressure is more than the intrapulmonary pressure air flows into the lungs. During quite exhalation, diaphragm and the external intercostals relax and expiration occurs passively. This occurs as the lung volume now decreases causing rise in intrapulmonary pressure above the atmospheric pressure and air is exhaled out. Forced inhalation/exhalation occurs in certain diseased conditions and during exercise. During this condition the accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles aid in the contraction process to take place faster in order to increase or decrease the intrapulmonary pressure.(George,2005)(Miller,2005) The act of pulmonary ventilation is limited by the elastic recoil of the lungs which is measured by lung compliance. By definition compliance refers to the increase in the pulmonary volume per cm H2O rise in transpulmonary pressure. The intrapleural pressure is held negative with respect to the intrapulmonary pressure by the mechanics as described above. Even after that the lungs may not expand as desired if he elasticity or in other words the compliance is decreased. (George, 2005) (Miller, 2005) Compliance might decrease or increase in various pulmonary diseases limiting pulmonary ventilation. Compliance is ensured by Surfactants which are phospholipids like lecithin that maintains the alveolar stability by reducing or increasing the surface tension in the alveoli. This means when the alveoli try to collapse due to forced expiration, the surface tension is increased but surfactants reduce the tension. On the other hand when alveoli try to expand during forced inspiration the effective surfactant concentration/area of the alveoli decreases and hence surface tension increases causing the alveoli to revert to original position. (George, 2005) (Miller, 2005) Pulmonary ventilation is controlled by neural and chemical pathways that acts as effectors ad sensors to influence the intercostals muscles and diap hragm mechanics as described earlier. Whenever there is increased pCO2 and decreased pO2 in the arterial blood the central and the peripheral chemoreceptors situated in the medulla oblongata and carotid/aortic